Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 22 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-00984-yMild autonomous cortisol secretion from benign adrenocortical adenomas (usually diagnosed incidentally) is associated with cardiometabolic risk and other comorbidities, but without the signs of overt Cushing syndrome. This Review outlines the mechanisms, complications and comorbidities, diagnosis and management of mild autonomous cortisol secretion.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 17 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-00979-9This article reviews advances in incretin-based pharmacotherapy, including the latest glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) receptor agonists (GLP1RAs), ‘GLP1 plus’ agents, which combine the benefits of these agonists with the activity of additional hormones, and oral GLP1RAs, which promise to extend the benefits of GLP1 therapy.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 02 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-00986-wMetformin acts through appetite-suppressing metabolite: Lac-Phe

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 21 March 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-00981-1Alzheimer disease has a sex bias: women are twice as likely as men to be affected. Studies have linked elevated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels to worsened Alzheimer disease pathology and cognitive decline in mice. Exploring the interaction of FSH with APOE4 has uncovered new aspects of Alzheimer disease. The therapeutic potential of FSH and gonadotropin-releasing hormone have also been highlighted.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 22 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-00984-yMild autonomous cortisol secretion from benign adrenocortical adenomas (usually diagnosed incidentally) is associated with cardiometabolic risk and other comorbidities, but without the signs of overt Cushing syndrome. This Review outlines the mechanisms, complications and comorbidities, diagnosis and management of mild autonomous cortisol secretion.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 17 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-00979-9This article reviews advances in incretin-based pharmacotherapy, including the latest glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) receptor agonists (GLP1RAs), ‘GLP1 plus’ agents, which combine the benefits of these agonists with the activity of additional hormones, and oral GLP1RAs, which promise to extend the benefits of GLP1 therapy.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 02 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-00986-wMetformin acts through appetite-suppressing metabolite: Lac-Phe

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 21 March 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-00981-1Alzheimer disease has a sex bias: women are twice as likely as men to be affected. Studies have linked elevated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels to worsened Alzheimer disease pathology and cognitive decline in mice. Exploring the interaction of FSH with APOE4 has uncovered new aspects of Alzheimer disease. The therapeutic potential of FSH and gonadotropin-releasing hormone have also been highlighted.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 23 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41575-024-00915-2This Perspective discusses single-cell and single-nuclei RNA sequencing in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and explains how our understanding of the pathology of the disease will accelerate following the advances in spatial transcriptomics.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 16 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41575-024-00919-yArtificial intelligence (AI) is advancing rapidly and is already starting to transform cancer research and care. Here, the authors outline how AI could be incorporated into liver cancer management, highlighting areas with academic, commercial and clinical potential, as well as ongoing progress and pitfalls.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 04 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41575-024-00929-wPublisher Correction: Gastrointestinal and brain barriers: unlocking gates of communication across the microbiota–gut–brain axis

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 23 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41575-024-00915-2This Perspective discusses single-cell and single-nuclei RNA sequencing in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and explains how our understanding of the pathology of the disease will accelerate following the advances in spatial transcriptomics.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 16 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41575-024-00919-yArtificial intelligence (AI) is advancing rapidly and is already starting to transform cancer research and care. Here, the authors outline how AI could be incorporated into liver cancer management, highlighting areas with academic, commercial and clinical potential, as well as ongoing progress and pitfalls.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 04 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41575-024-00929-wPublisher Correction: Gastrointestinal and brain barriers: unlocking gates of communication across the microbiota–gut–brain axis

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 26 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41581-024-00836-yHere, the authors discuss the beneficial effects of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for a range of clinical outcomes beyond glucose lowering, including kidney and cardiovascular protection. They also discuss the need for implementation and adherence initiatives to help translate the benefits of these agents into real-world clinical outcomes.

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 23 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41581-024-00840-2Clinical algorithms that are used to guide medical decision-making often include sex as a variable. However, binary considerations of sex and/or gender might introduce bias due to potentially inaccurate assumptions about sex and gender-specific physiology, hormones and exposures. An equity-focused approach to sex and gender is essential when using clinical algorithms to ensure health equity across populations.

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 17 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41581-024-00839-9Clinical trial data suggest that thiazides and thiazide-like drugs could be beneficial for blood-pressure lowering in patients with severe chronic kidney disease. However, prolonged exposure to these photosensitizing drugs could translate into increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma and post-transplant diabetes in the already extremely vulnerable kidney transplant population.

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 26 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41581-024-00836-yHere, the authors discuss the beneficial effects of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for a range of clinical outcomes beyond glucose lowering, including kidney and cardiovascular protection. They also discuss the need for implementation and adherence initiatives to help translate the benefits of these agents into real-world clinical outcomes.

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 23 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41581-024-00840-2Clinical algorithms that are used to guide medical decision-making often include sex as a variable. However, binary considerations of sex and/or gender might introduce bias due to potentially inaccurate assumptions about sex and gender-specific physiology, hormones and exposures. An equity-focused approach to sex and gender is essential when using clinical algorithms to ensure health equity across populations.

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 17 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41581-024-00839-9Clinical trial data suggest that thiazides and thiazide-like drugs could be beneficial for blood-pressure lowering in patients with severe chronic kidney disease. However, prolonged exposure to these photosensitizing drugs could translate into increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma and post-transplant diabetes in the already extremely vulnerable kidney transplant population.

Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 29 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01627-1Nongenetic factors contribute to the onset, progression and severity of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, the authors describe how exposomics, the systematic analysis of environmental factors, can help neuroscientists understand these diseases.

Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 29 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01630-6What mechanisms enable brains to maintain behaviors after neuron loss? Based on behavioral, neuronal and modeling data, Wang et al. find that unsupervised cellular and systems-level restorative mechanisms can ensure behavioral resilience.

Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 24 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01625-3Gene expression in the human cortex is shown to exhibit a generalizable three-component architecture that reflects neuronal, metabolic, and immune programmes of healthy brain development. The three components have distinct associations with autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, revealing connections between previously unrelated results from studies of case–control neuroimaging, differential gene expression, and genetic risk.

Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 18 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01632-4As Nature Neuroscience celebrates its 25th anniversary, we are having conversations with both established leaders in the field and those earlier in their careers to discuss how the field has evolved and where it is heading. This month we are talking to Fernando de Castro Soubriet, principal investigator at the Instituto Cajal (Spain). He is a neurodevelopmental biologist who is actively involved in championing the history of neuroscience. He is among the group of Spanish scientists who ensured that the Archives of Santiago Ramón y Cajal and the Spanish Neurohistological School are registered as World Heritage with UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). Here, we discuss science and the legacy of the Spanish Neurohistological School.

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 15 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41582-024-00963-xTwo new studies show that clearance of waste, including pathogenic amyloid, through the glymphatic system is driven by synchronized neuronal activity.

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 12 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41582-024-00955-xNeurofilaments have been validated as specific body fluid biomarkers of neuro-axonal injury. In this Review, Khalil and colleagues provide an update on the structure and function of neurofilaments, analytical approaches and challenges in different clinical contexts, and progress towards clinical application of neurofilaments as a biomarker in various neurological disorders.

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 10 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41582-024-00959-7New data recently reported at the ACTRIMS Forum add to growing evidence of an aetiological role for Epstein–Barr virus infection in multiple sclerosis.

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 04 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41582-024-00951-1This month, Nature Reviews Neurology launches a Series to highlight the importance of diversity, equity and inclusion in the neurology community and in neurological care to address health disparities and thereby to improve global brain health.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 12 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01115-7Multidimensional and single-cell profiling of peripheral blood and inflamed tissues is a powerful and high-resolution tool for the stratification of patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases into distinct cellular and/or molecular endotypes. The road towards precision rheumatology is long, but the time has come to enter the territory of clinical validation.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 10 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01107-7This Review discusses joint-specific memory (the tendency of arthritis to recur in previously inflamed joints), explores the involvement of resident memory T cells and other contributors, and evaluates how arthritis might spread to new joints, emphasizing the important of sustained treatment.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 05 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01114-8Author Correction: Therapeutic potential in rheumatic diseases of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal cells

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 02 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01108-6Despite the transformative potential of treatments for systemic autoinflammatory diseases, these conditions remain underfunded and understudied. Urgent, coordinated action among stakeholders is needed to overcome regulatory and research barriers, as is innovation and advocacy for the development of effective therapies for these rare diseases.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 12 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01115-7Multidimensional and single-cell profiling of peripheral blood and inflamed tissues is a powerful and high-resolution tool for the stratification of patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases into distinct cellular and/or molecular endotypes. The road towards precision rheumatology is long, but the time has come to enter the territory of clinical validation.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 10 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01107-7This Review discusses joint-specific memory (the tendency of arthritis to recur in previously inflamed joints), explores the involvement of resident memory T cells and other contributors, and evaluates how arthritis might spread to new joints, emphasizing the important of sustained treatment.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 05 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01114-8Author Correction: Therapeutic potential in rheumatic diseases of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal cells

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 02 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01108-6Despite the transformative potential of treatments for systemic autoinflammatory diseases, these conditions remain underfunded and understudied. Urgent, coordinated action among stakeholders is needed to overcome regulatory and research barriers, as is innovation and advocacy for the development of effective therapies for these rare diseases.

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 25 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00868-wPaternal substance use is associated with adverse effects on male reproductive health and offspring health outcomes. Comprehensive counselling by health-care providers and improved public health measures, especially targeting reproductive-age men, are needed.

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 16 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00883-xPatient-reported toxic effects of hypofractionated versus conventional RT

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 16 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00882-yHRQoL in patients receiving EV versus chemotherapy

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 25 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00868-wPaternal substance use is associated with adverse effects on male reproductive health and offspring health outcomes. Comprehensive counselling by health-care providers and improved public health measures, especially targeting reproductive-age men, are needed.

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 16 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00883-xPatient-reported toxic effects of hypofractionated versus conventional RT

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 16 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00882-yHRQoL in patients receiving EV versus chemotherapy