Nature Reviews Cardiology, Published online: 03 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41569-024-01031-zIn the AEGIS-II trial, infusion of apolipoprotein A-I to increase cholesterol efflux capacity did not improve outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Nature Reviews Cardiology, Published online: 02 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41569-024-01029-7Reply to ‘Screening for Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disease’

Nature Reviews Cardiology, Published online: 25 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41569-024-01036-8Treatment for periodontal disease might reduce the recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients undergoing ablation, suggesting that periodontitis is a modifiable risk factor for AF.

Nature Reviews Cardiology, Published online: 25 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41569-024-01023-zIn this Review, the authors discuss the receptors, ligands and interactors that regulate immune cell recruitment in atherosclerosis, describe mechanisms that promote the resolution of inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions, and highlight potential strategies to target these pathways for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 01 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41571-024-00892-0Expansion of the utilizable spectrum of light from the visible region to the near-infrared (NIR) window has greatly facilitated the clinical application of optical technologies for cancer imaging and phototherapy. However, use of light in the first NIR region (NIR-I) has important limitations, some of which might be overcome with emerging technologies utilizing NIR-II light. In this Review, the authors describe the current clinical experience with NIR-II-based cancer imaging and phototherapy, and discuss emerging NIR-II-based approaches that might further enhance patient outcomes. They also highlight challenges that will need to be addressed to translate NIR-II-based modalities from bench to bedside.

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 29 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41571-024-00901-2Adjuvant pembrolizumab improves overall survival in patients with RCC

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 25 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41571-024-00899-7Adjuvant alectinib improves outcomes in ALK-mutant NSCLC

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 22 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41571-024-00895-xCertain subsets of patients with multiple myeloma or its precursor conditions are overtreated with current approaches to therapy. Herein, we highlight several key areas where we believe de-escalation of treatment is needed. Dedicated trials to assess these de-escalation approaches and urgent changes to current clinical practices are needed.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 13 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-00995-9The introduction of teprotumumab for the treatment of thyroid eye disease has dramatically improved management of this life-changing condition; however, clinical trials and experience in the clinic have revealed associated hearing abnormalities.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 08 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-00998-6Publisher Correction: Arginine vasopressin deficiency: diagnosis, management and the relevance of oxytocin deficiency

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 01 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-00987-9The First International Congress on Head and Neck Paragangliomas in 2023 launched a global initiative directed towards improving the management of head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs), including prevention, treatment and research. The Congress highlighted a lack of international evidence-based consensuses and guidelines for HNPGLs. The Congress will now convene triennially to foster personalized medicine and research to advance patient care.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 01 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-00985-xCentral diabetes insipidus has been renamed as arginine vasopressin deficiency. This Review discusses advances in diagnosis and management of arginine vasopressin deficiency. In addition, the possibility of oxytocin deficiency in these patients is considered, as well as oxytocin provocation testing and the future therapeutic potential of oxytocin replacement.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 14 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41575-024-00941-0Multi-omic links between gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 01 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41575-024-00933-0Transgender and gender-diverse patients in the United States can have difficulty finding providers who are knowledgeable about their unique health-care needs. In many states, legislation limits the ability of physicians to provide gender-affirming and supportive care. Further awareness, advocacy and research is needed to help mitigate the discrimination and stigma endured by the transgender community.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 23 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41575-024-00915-2This Perspective discusses single-cell and single-nuclei RNA sequencing in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and explains how our understanding of the pathology of the disease will accelerate following the advances in spatial transcriptomics.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 16 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41575-024-00919-yArtificial intelligence (AI) is advancing rapidly and is already starting to transform cancer research and care. Here, the authors outline how AI could be incorporated into liver cancer management, highlighting areas with academic, commercial and clinical potential, as well as ongoing progress and pitfalls.

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 08 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41581-024-00841-1Spatially resolved transcriptomic technologies enable the mapping of transcripts at single-cell or near single-cell resolution in a multiplex manner. This Review describes current and emerging spatial transcriptomic methods, their applications of relevance to kidney biology and remaining challenges for the field.

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 29 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41581-024-00845-xRole of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 26 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41581-024-00836-yHere, the authors discuss the beneficial effects of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for a range of clinical outcomes beyond glucose lowering, including kidney and cardiovascular protection. They also discuss the need for implementation and adherence initiatives to help translate the benefits of these agents into real-world clinical outcomes.

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 14 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41582-024-00968-6Genetic protection against Alzheimer disease

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 14 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41582-024-00969-5Infant microbiome predicts neurodevelopmental disorders

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 09 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41582-024-00962-ySuspected non-AD pathophysiology (SNAP) is a biomarker-based concept that describes individuals with normal amyloid and abnormal tau and/or neurodegeneration biomarker status. This Review discusses the origins of the SNAP construct, along with its prevalence, diagnostic and prognostic implications, and underlying neuropathology.

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 25 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41582-024-00964-wAuthor Correction: The complex aetiology of cerebral palsy

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 03 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01110-yIn this Review, Knight and Erkan consider how the 2023 ACR–EULAR classification criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) can guide future research to subphenotype APS by understanding its pathophysiology, paving the way for the personalized and proactive management of individuals with APS.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 30 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01109-5Granzyme serine proteases are known for their perforin-dependent cytotoxic activities, but evidence also indicates that they have a range of non-cytotoxic, pro-inflammatory intracellular and extracellular functions. In this Review, the authors discuss granzyme biology with an emphasis on its involvement in rheumatic disease pathology.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 12 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01115-7Multidimensional and single-cell profiling of peripheral blood and inflamed tissues is a powerful and high-resolution tool for the stratification of patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases into distinct cellular and/or molecular endotypes. The road towards precision rheumatology is long, but the time has come to enter the territory of clinical validation.

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 13 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00894-8As the population of gender minorities grows in the setting of rising incidence of cancers globally, health-care professionals and institutions must be prepared to provide inclusive care. Individual-level training as well as institutional-level efforts on gender identity data collection and creation of inclusive clinical spaces could help mitigate health-care disparities.

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 08 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00874-yIn this Perspective, Larcher et al. describe a dedicated treatment programme for Von Hippel–Lindau disease established at San Raffaele Hospital, which encompasses diagnosis, surveillance, treatment, research and outreach. The authors then discuss the benefits of care centralization for Von Hippel–Lindau disease and other rare diseases.

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 07 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00878-8A subset of men with prostate cancer have elevated periprostatic androgens compared with levels in peripheral blood, which are associated with poor clinical outcomes after radical prostatectomy. This new paradigm for gonadal androgen physiology is termed ‘sneaky T’ phenomenon.

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 03 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00872-0Urothelial cancer is the tenth most diagnosed cancer worldwide, and between 5% and 10% of patients have metastatic disease at diagnosis. Furthermore, up to 50% of patients are ineligible for cisplatin, the first-line treatment option, and require alternative options. In this comprehensive Review, the authors discuss the current and future therapeutic options for advanced urothelial cancer, including chemotherapeutics, targeted therapies and antibody–drug conjugates, and consider how these agents might change patient management.