Nature Reviews Cardiology, Published online: 25 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41569-024-01036-8Treatment for periodontal disease might reduce the recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients undergoing ablation, suggesting that periodontitis is a modifiable risk factor for AF.

Nature Reviews Cardiology, Published online: 25 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41569-024-01023-zIn this Review, the authors discuss the receptors, ligands and interactors that regulate immune cell recruitment in atherosclerosis, describe mechanisms that promote the resolution of inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions, and highlight potential strategies to target these pathways for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Nature Reviews Cardiology, Published online: 23 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41569-024-01035-9Data from the DanGer Shock trial demonstrate that implantation of a microaxial flow pump in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock increases the survival rate compared with standard care alone.

Nature Reviews Cardiology, Published online: 23 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41569-024-01025-xThe under-representation of women in cardiovascular clinical trials persists across participant, clinician and research roles. This gap perpetuates health inequity and hampers the generation, translation and implementation of optimal evidence-based care. Urgent action is needed to address barriers, promote diversity, and ensure inclusive trial design and health-care delivery and dissemination, for more equitable cardiovascular health.

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 25 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41571-024-00896-wThe FDA has approved nanoliposomal irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin and oxaliplatin (NALIRIFOX) for patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma on the basis of results from the NAPOLI 3 trial, in which this four-drug regimen improved overall survival relative to a doublet regimen. Here we discuss how, in the context of prior results from the PRODIGE 4 trial testing 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan and oxaliplatin (modified FOLFIRINOX), NALIRIFOX does not seem to raise the bar, but rather exposes patients and health-care systems to financial toxicities.

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 19 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41571-024-00891-1By combining multiple MRI sequences, each providing different but complementary information about the tumour microenvironment (TME), multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) enables non-invasive assessment of the heterogeneous features of the TME components. The authors of this Review describe the role of mpMRI in the non-invasive characterization of the TME, presenting examples of its utility in cancer detection, staging and assessment of response to therapy, and considering future applications for personalized integrated diagnostics.

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 18 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41571-024-00894-yAfami-cel provides a novel treatment option for rare sarcoma subtypes

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 24 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-00991-zNew genes associated with adult-onset obesity

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 17 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-00988-8A novel system for non-invasive measurement of blood levels of glucose

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 08 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-00973-1Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is an effective tool in the management of diabetes mellitus. This Perspective discusses the potential benefits of widespread adoption of CGM in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus at different stages of disease progression and treatment intensification.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 22 March 2024; doi:10.1038/s41574-024-00965-1This Review summarizes cellular processes and regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), discussing evidence from in vivo preclinical and human studies. PTP1B inhibitors, which are being developed for type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, rare diseases (such as Rett syndrome) and some cancers, are also discussed.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 25 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41575-024-00920-5Pouchitis is a common condition that can occur after intestinal surgery. In this Review, Shen discusses our current understanding of the multifactorial pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of pouchitis, primarily in patients with underlying ulcerative colitis.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 16 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41575-024-00930-3A crucial Fusobacterium nucleatum clade in colorectal cancer

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 05 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41575-024-00928-xThe lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex and asexual (LGBTQIA+) community navigates a complex social landscape marked by strides in acceptance alongside enduring discrimination. Allies — individuals outside of the LGBTQIA+ spectrum who support and advocate for this community — are paramount, with allyship playing a critical part in influencing the health and well-being of LGBTQIA+ individuals.

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 04 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41575-024-00914-3Bile acids have important roles in human metabolism and immune regulation. In this Perspective, Dorrestein and colleagues discuss the technologies and data science-related approaches that are improving our understanding of the diversity of bile acids and their multifaceted roles.

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 26 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41581-024-00844-yProgression and outcomes of rare kidney diseases

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 25 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41581-024-00837-xChronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with several alterations in protein post-translational modifications. Here, the authors examine the evidence of these alterations, their links with CKD progression and cardiovascular risk in patients with CKD, and their potential clinical applications.

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 24 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41581-024-00838-wThis Review outlines the roles of innate and adaptive immune cells in hypertension. The authors discuss the mechanisms and important properties of immune cells that contribute to hypertension pathogenesis, such as memory and plasticity.

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Published online: 19 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41581-024-00835-zCalcium reabsorption along the nephron is essential for calcium homeostasis and whole-body electrolyte balance. Here, Staruschenko et al. highlight signalling pathways and molecules involved in renal calcium handling in health and disease, and discuss progress in the integration of systems-level and molecular understanding of calcium transport and regulation.

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 25 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41582-024-00964-wAuthor Correction: The complex aetiology of cerebral palsy

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 12 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41582-024-00960-0Nature Reviews Neurology is interviewing individuals who are driving efforts to address disparities in neurology through a broad spectrum of diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives. We spoke with neurosurgeon Sonia Mejía Pérez from Mexico about her work to address gaps in hospital care for individuals from minority groups, such as LGBT+ people.

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 10 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41582-024-00958-8Findings of phase III trials of the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor evobrutinib in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis were recently presented at the ACTRIMS Forum.

Nature Reviews Neurology, Published online: 05 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41582-024-00956-wA computational neuroimaging study has shed new light on the relationship between morphological changes in the brain in schizophrenia and the network architecture of the brain, providing evidence to support two network theories of the disorder.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 26 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01117-5Medication adherence in gout is low, and discontinuation of urate-lowering therapy puts patients at risk of flares and cardiovascular events. A strategy to regularly monitor serum urate levels and the dissolution of urate deposits (particularly if visualized by patients) might encourage adherence in the long term.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 11 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01102-yEarly identification of osteoarthritis (OA) prior to the development of symptoms is challenging. Post-traumatic OA provides a model for the development of OA following a defined event. In this Review, the authors describe the existing knowledge relating to the biomarkers of post-traumatic OA, which might also be applicable to the identification of early non-traumatic OA.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 09 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01116-6In a head-to-head phase III trial of two drugs that target IL-5 or its receptor, benralizumab was noninferior to mepolizumab for the induction of remission in patients with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Nature Reviews Rheumatology, Published online: 02 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01112-wAuthor Correction: Proposals for the rheumatological use of JAK inhibitors

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 26 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00875-xIn this Review, the authors provide a comprehensive overview of the epidemiological characteristics, prognosis, biological mechanisms, detection methods and treatment options for liver metastasis in prostate cancer. Guidance for future research directions in the field is also provided.

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 22 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00886-8Bladder cancer progression to microscopically distinct variants such as sarcomatoid, small cell, micropapillary and plasmacytoid is associated with more aggressive clinical behaviour than conventional carcinoma. Advances in molecular profiling led to the identification of molecular subtypes of bladder cancer and provided insights into disease progression to aggressive variants.

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 17 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00880-0Monogenic causes account for up to 20% of nephrolithiasis instances and are crucial for developing targeted treatments. Whole-exome sequencing, genome-wide association, candidate gene, and in vitro and animal functional studies are crucial to identify these mutations. Therapies targeting monogenic variants, such as RNA-interference-based treatments, have been successfully used to treat monogenic disorders.

Nature Reviews Urology, Published online: 16 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00884-wSafe delivery of ICI therapy through sub-urothelial injection